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The
demise of the Nation State?
Vito Tanzi
This paper was presented at the 1998 Kiel Week Conference on Globalization and Labor, Kiel, June 24-25, 1998, and it will be published in the conference volume. The ideas in this paper were first presented as a Commencement Address to the graduating economics class at Rochester University, May 26, 1996. A first draft was written while the author was on a sabbatical leave as a Fellow of Collegium Budapest, Institute for Advanced Studies (Budapest), October-December 1997. The author wishes to thank Shahid Yusuf for comments on an earlier draft. This work was originally published by the Fiscal Affairs Department of the International Monetary Fund directed by Vito Tanzi and it has been included in the present edition of the International Journal of Public Budget with permission granted by the
institution. |
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6. References
-
Coase,
R.H.
The Problem of Social Cost
Journal of Law and Economics,-October 1960, 3, pp. 1-44.
-
Devarajan, Shantayanan and Jeffrey S. Hammer
(1997)
Public Expenditure and Risk Reduction,
Paper presented at the IIPF Congress, Kyoto, Japan.
-
Mauro, Paolo (1995)
Corruption and Growth
The Quarterly Journal of Economics (August) pp. 681-712.
-
Ohmae, Kenechi (1995)
The End of the Nation State - The Rise of Regional Economies
(New York: McKinsey & Company, Inc.).
-
Prud'homme, Remy (1994)
On the Dangers of Decentralization
Policy Research Working Paper 1251, World Bank Transportation, Water, and Urban Development Department, Transport Division, Washington, D.C.
-
Rodrik, Dani (1997)
"Has Globalization Gone Too Far?"
(Washington: Institute for International Finance).
-
Tanzi, Vito (1997)
The Changing Role of the State in the Economy: A Historical Perspective
IMF Working Paper 97/114 (September). Forthcoming in an OECD Book.
-
_____ (1995)
"Taxation in an Integrating World"
(Washington: The Brookings Institution).
-
_____ (1996a)
Globalization, Tax Competition and the Future of Tax Systems
In Steuersysteme der Zukunft, edited by Gerold Krause-Junk (Berlin: Duncker &
Humblot).
-
_____ (1996b)
Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization: A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomic
Aspects
In annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, 1995 (The World Bank: 1996) pp. 295-316.
-
Tanzi, Vito and Ludger Schuknecht
(1997)
Reconsidering the Fiscal Role of Government: The International Perspective
The American Economic Review, Vol. 87, No. 2 (May).
-
Wei,
Shang-Jin (1997)
How Taxing is Corruption on International Investors?
NBER Working Paper 6030 (May).
-
Wood, Adrian (1995)
How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers,
Journal of Economic Perspective, 9, No. 3 (Summer) pp. 57-80.
-
World Bank (1997)
"World Development Report: The State in a Changing World"
(Washington: The World Bank).
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Table
I
The Growth of General Government Expenditure, 1870-1996
(In percent of GDP) |
| |
Later
19th century
About 1870 (1) |
Pre
World War I
1913 |
Post
World War I
1920 |
Pre
World War II
1937 |
Post
World War II
1960 |
1980 |
1990 |
1996 |
| General government for all years |
| Australia |
18,3 |
16,5 |
19,3 |
14,8 |
21,2 |
34,1 |
34,9 |
36,6 |
| Austria |
- |
- |
14,7
(2) |
20,6 |
35,7 |
48,1 |
38,6 |
51,7 |
| Canada |
- |
- |
16,7 |
25,0 |
28,6 |
38,8 |
46,0 |
44,7 |
| France (3) |
12,6 |
17,0 |
27,6 |
29,0 |
34,6 |
46,1 |
49,8 |
54,5 |
| Germany |
10,0 |
14,8 |
25,0 |
34,1 |
32,4 |
47,9 |
45,1 |
49,0 |
| Ireland (4) |
- |
- |
18,8 |
25,5 |
28,0 |
48,9 |
41,2 |
42,0 |
| Japan |
8,8 |
8,3 |
14,8 |
25,4 |
17,5 |
32,0 |
31,3 |
36,2 |
| New Zealand (2) |
- |
- |
24,6 |
25,3 |
26,9 |
38,1 |
41,3 |
34,7 |
| Norway (4) |
5,9 |
9,3 |
16,0 |
11,8 |
29,9 |
43,8 |
54,9 |
49,2 |
| Sweden (3) |
5,7 (2) |
10,4 |
10,9 |
16,5 |
31,0 |
60,1 |
59,1 |
64,7 |
| Switzerland |
16,5 |
14,0 |
17,0 |
24,1 |
17,2 |
32,8 |
33,5 |
39,4 |
| United Kingdom |
9,4 |
12,7 |
26,2 |
30,0 |
32,2 |
43,0 |
39,9 |
41,9 |
| USA |
7,3 |
7,5 |
12,1 |
19,7 |
27,0 |
31,4 |
32,8 |
33,3 |
| Average |
10,5 |
12,3 |
18,7 |
23,2 |
27,9 |
41,9 |
43,0 |
44,5 |
| Central government for 1980-1937, general government thereafter |
| Belgium |
- |
13,8 |
22,1 |
21,8 |
30,3 |
57,8 |
54,3 |
54,3 |
| Italy |
11,9 |
11,1 |
22,5 |
24,5 |
30,1 |
42,1 |
53,4 |
52,9 |
| Netherlands |
9,1 |
9,0 |
13,5 |
19,0 |
33,7 |
55,8 |
54,1 |
49,9 |
| Spain |
- |
11,0 |
8,3 |
13,2 |
18,8 |
32,2 |
42,0 |
43,3 |
| Average |
10,5 |
11,2 |
16,6 |
19,6 |
28,2 |
47,0 |
51,0 |
50,1 |
| Total
average |
10,5 |
11,9 |
18,2 |
22,4 |
27,9 |
43,1 |
44,8 |
45,8 |
Sources: Compiled by Tanzi and Schuknecht based on Acha (1976); Andic and Ververka (1964); Auslralian Bureau of Census and Statistics (1938); Belgium Institut National de la Statistique (1952); Bureau of Census and Historical Statistics, USA (1975); Butlin (1984); Central Bureau of Statistics, Norway (1969, 1978); Delorme and Andre (1983); Flora (1983); IMF Statistical Appendix, New Zealand, IMF Switzerland: Recent Economic Developments (1996); Japan Statistical Association (1987); Mitchell, International Historical Statistics (various issues); The Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (1956); New Zealand Official Yearbook (1938);
OECD, Economic Outlook (1996, 1997); Republica de Italiana Instituto (1951); Statistisches
Jahrbuch, Oesterreich (1935).
1 Or closest year available for all columms. Pre-World War II data sometunes on the basis of GNP or NNP instead of GDP.
2 Central government data for this year,New Zealand: 1960=1970, and 1994/95 = 1996.
3 1996 data; calculations are based on the Maastricht definition, and are smaller than that published by the
INSEE, the national statistical agency.
4 1995 instead of 1996, because of break in data calculation. |
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